an alliance is a group of closely related genera, for example, the Oncidium alliance includes Odontoglossum, so you can cross am Oncidium with an Odontoglossum and get an Odontocidium.
diploids (2N) have paired chromosomes, which is fairly normal. 3N means there's 3 chromosomes in a set, 4N means 4 chromosomes to a set.
in normal plant reproduction, the pairs of chromosomes are split into N (haploid) cells, then when the flower is pollenated, the N cells from 2 plants combine to form a 2N embryo. sometimes the process goes wrong, and the parent plant produces 2N cells instead of N cells. If one parent does this, the embryo will be 3N. if both parents do it, the embryo is 4N.
A 4N plant will produce 2N cells during the split, so crossing a 4N plant with a 2N plant will give you a 3N plant.
A 3N plant usually can't complete the split, so it can't be crossed with another plant.
I hope this all makes sense.
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