Plants have a terminal meristem, the tiny ball of actively dividing cells that continues to form new stem and leaves. There is normally at least one meristem in the leaf axil at each leaf, as well, which can form flower spikes or new growths.
When the terminal meristem forms a bloom spike, there is nothing left to continue growing leaves. That is it for that growth, unless a meristem in one of the lower leaf axils starts growing.
The most dramatic example of this is in genus Agave, where once the rosette flowers, it dies. New offsets form from the base on some species but not on others.
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