Yes, it certainly does, BUT...
"Seaweed" is too nebulous a term as there are lots of different seaweeds with varying degrees of effectiveness.
I will not claim to understand the full process of foliar uptake, but 1) not all chemicals are created the same in that regard - some are rapidly absorbed while others are not, and 2) not all plant tissue is the same either.
So... a plant that is lousy at absorbing nutrients sprayed on the leaves might be pretty good at absorbing other chemicals through other areas of the plant.
I know from personal experience and that of many others that
THIS works.